Macdonald, the purpose of abstaining from scholastic work was to confront the spiritual experience and more ordinary understanding of вЂњthe Word and the Traditions.вЂќВ After some time inВ DamascusВ andВ Jerusalem, with a visit toВ MedinaВ and Mecca in 1096, he returned to Tus to spend the next several years in вЂ uzlaВ (seclusion). Making arrangements for his family, he disposed of his wealth and adopted an ascetic lifestyle. He underwent a spiritual crisis in 1095, abandoned his career and left Baghdad on the pretext of going on pilgrimage toВ Mecca. After bestowing upon him the titles of вЂњBrilliance of the ReligionвЂќ and вЂњEminence among the Religious Leaders,вЂќ Nizam al-Mulk advanced al-Ghazali in July 1091 to the вЂњmost prestigious and most challengingвЂќ professorial at the time: in theВ NizamiyyaВ madrasa inВ Baghdad. After al-JuwayniвЂ™s death in 1085, al-Ghazali departed from Nishapur and joined the court ofВ Nizam al-Mulk, the powerful vizier of theВ SeljuqВ sultans, which was likely centered inВ Isfahan. Al-GhazaliвЂ™s contemporary and first biographer, вЂAbd al-Ghafir al-Farisi, records merely that al-Ghazali began to receive instruction in fiqhВ (Islamic jurisprudence) from Ahmad al-Radhakani, a local teacher.В He later studied underВ al-Juwayni, the distinguished jurist and theologian and вЂњthe most outstanding Muslim scholar of his time,вЂќВ inВ Nishapur, perhaps after a period of study inВ Gurgan. Modern estimates place it at AH 448 (1056/7), on the basis of certain statements in al-GhazaliвЂ™s correspondence and autobiography.В He was a Muslim scholar, law specialist, rationalist, and spiritualist of Persian descent.В He was born in Tabaran, a town in the district ofВ Tus,В KhorasanВ (now part ofВ Iran),В not long afterВ SeljukВ captured Baghdad from theВ Shia BuyidВ and established Sunni Caliphate under a commission from theВ Abbasid DynastyВ in 1055 AD.ДЄ posthumous tradition, the authenticity of which has been questioned in recent scholarship, is that his father, a man вЂњof Persian descent,вЂќВ died in poverty and left the young al-Ghazali and his brotherВ AhmadВ to the care of aВ Sufi. The believed date of al-GhazaliвЂ™s birth, as given byВ Ibn al-Jawzi, isВ AHВ 450 (1058/9). Some muslims consider him to be a Mujaddid, a renewer of the faith who, according to the prophetic hadith, appears once every century to restore the faith of the ummah (вЂњthe Islamic CommunityвЂќ).В His works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that al-Ghazali was awarded the honorific title вЂњProof of IslamвЂќ ( Hujjat al-IslДЃm).ДЄl-Ghazali believed that the Islamic spiritual tradition had become moribund and that the spiritual sciences taught by the first generation of Muslims had been forgotten.В That resulted in his writing his magnum opus entitled IбёҐyДЃвЂ™ вЂulЕ«m ad-dД«nВ (вЂњThe Revival of the Religious SciencesвЂќ).В Among his other works, the TahДЃfut al-FalДЃsifaВ (вЂњIncoherence of the PhilosophersвЂќ) is a significant landmark in the history of philosophy, as it advances the critique of Aristotelian science developed later in 14th-century Europe.

The Decisive Criterion for Distinguishing Islam from Clandestine UnbeliefДЄl-Ghazali (full name ШЈШЁЩ€ ШШ§Щ…ШЇ Щ…ШЩ…ШЇ ШЁЩ† Щ…ШЩ…ШЇ Ш§Щ„Ш·Щ€ШіЩЉ Ш§Щ„ШєШІШ§Щ„ЩЉ, AbЕ« бё¤ДЃmid MuбёҐammad ibn MuбёҐammad aб№-б№¬Е«sД« al-Д azДЃlД« latinized Algazelus or Algazel c.вЂ‰1058 вЂ“ 19 December 1111) was one of the most prominent and influential philosophers, theologians, jurists, and mystics of Sunni Islam.В He was of PersianВ origin.

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